As an ad hoc solution, such letters can be replaced with Arabic numerals of similar appearance. In some situations, such as online communication, users need a way to enter Arabic text only with the keys immediately available on a keyboard. Arabic chat alphabet: not a system listed here merely for completeness.Buckwalter Transliteration (1990s): developed at ALPNET by Tim Buckwalter doesn't require unusual diacritics.ArabTeX (since 1992): 'has been modelled closely after the transliteration standards ISO/R 233 and DIN 31635'.SAS: Spanish Arabists School ( José Antonio Conde and others, early 19th century onwards).BS 4280 (1968): Developed by the British Standards Institution.IGN System 1973 or 'Variant B of the Amended Beirut System', that conforms to the French orthography and is preferred to the Variant A in French-speaking countries as in Maghreb and Lebanon.UNGEGN (1972): United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names, or 'Variant A of the Amended Beirut System'.Hans Wehr transliteration (1961, 1994): A modification to DIN 31635.DIN 31635 (1982): Developed by the German Institute for Standardization ( Deutsches Institut für Normung).DMG ( Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft, 1935), adopted by the International Convention of Orientalist Scholars in Rome.IJMES, used by International Journal of Middle East Studies, very similar to ALA-LC.This romanization is close to the romanization of the Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft and Hans Wehr, which is used internationally in scientific publications by Arabists. ALA-LC (first published 1991), from the American Library Association and the Library of Congress.As an example, the above rendering munāẓaratu l-ḥurūfi l-ʻarabīyah of the Arabic: مناظرة الحروف العربية‎‎ is a transcription, indicating the pronunciation an example transliteration would be mnaẓrḧ alḥrwf alʻrbyḧ. Transliteration is the direct representation of foreign letters using Latin symbols, while most systems for romanizing Arabic are actually transcription systems, which represent the sound of the language. Romanization is often termed 'transliteration', but this is not technically correct.

Arabic transliteration apostrophe